Chapter 6 - Manufacturing Industries

Chapter 6

Manufacturing Industries

Concept
Manufacturing is production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials to more valuable products
Importance of Manufacturing
 Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture; which forms the backbone of our economy.
 Apart from this, manufacturing industries also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income.
 This becomes possible because of creation of new jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
 Industrial development helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty.
 Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
 A country with high level of manufacturing activities becomes prosperous.
 Manufacturing is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular.
Industrial Location
 Some of the factors which affect the industrial location are as follows:
 Availability of Raw Material
 Labour
 Capital
 Power
 Market
 Infrastructure
Classification of Industries is done on the basis of their
 main role,
 capital investment,
 ownership,
 source of raw materials and
 the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods
Large Scale Industries employ a large number of labourers
Small Scale Industries employ a small number of labourers
Heavy Industries use heavy and bulky raw materials
Light Industries use light raw materials
The NMCC (National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council) was set up when it was felt that, with appropriate policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry to improve productivity, manufacturing can achieve its target over the next decade
Industrial locations are influenced by availability of raw materials, labour, capital, power and market. It is rarely possible to find all these factors available at one place
Agro-based industries
 Industries based on agricultural raw materials.
 For example, cotton textiles, jute textiles, woolen textiles, silk textiles, synthetic textiles, sugar industry
Cotton textiles
 It occupies an unique position in Indian economy, contributes 14% of industrial production.
 Provides employment to 35 million persons directly.
 Earlier the cotton textile industries were located in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
 Today, they are spread over 80 towns and cities of India.
 Scarcity of good-quality cotton, obsolete machinery, erratic power supply, low productivity of labour and stiff competition are some of the problems faced by the cotton textiles industry
Problems in cotton textile industry:
 Erratic power supply and obsolete machinery are the major problems.
 Low output of labour
 Stiff competition; with the synthetic fibre are the other problems.
Jute textiles
 There are about 70 jute mills in India and most of the jute is produced in West Bengal.
 Mainly in the Hugli basin produced in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Assam and Tripura
Location advantages of Hooghly basin
 Proximity of the jute producing areas,
 Inexpensive water transport,
 Good rail and road network,
 Abundant water for processing raw jute
 Cheap labour from West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
 The jute industry directly supports 2.61 lakh workers.
 It also supports 40 lakh small and marginal farmers who are engaged in cultivation of jute.
Challenges of the Jute industry
 Jute industry is facing challenge from synthetic fiber and
 Stiff competitions from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.
Advantages of the Jute industry
 But the internal demand has been rising because of government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging.
 The National Jute Policy was formulated in 2005 with an objective to increase productivity, improve quality and ensure good prices for the jute farmers.
 Due to growing global concern for environment friendly and biodegradable material; the future of jute looks bright. USA, Canada, Russia, UAE, UK and Australia are the main markets.
Sugar
 There are 460 sugar mills in the country.
 50% of them are found in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat are also important producers of sugar in the country.
Challenges for Sugar industry
 Seasonal nature of industry,
 old and inefficient methods of production,
 transport delay and the need to maximize the use of baggase are the major challenges for this industry
Mineral-based Industries
 Industries using minerals as their raw materials — iron and steel, cement, chemical industries, aluminium smelting, copper smelting, fertiliser industry, etc
Iron and Steel Industry
 The iron works of Kulti, Burnpur started local production in 1870
 The first modern steel plant was set up at Jamshedpur in 1907
 Today there are 10 primary integrated iron and steel plants and around 200 mini steel plants in the country
 Raw materials used in this industry are iron ore, coal, limestone and manganese ore
 The location of this industry is decided by the availability of raw materials.
 All the important iron and steel plants are located in the north-eastern and southern parts of the Indian Peninsula
 Only Visakhapatnam has a coastal location
 These plants are managed by the Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL)
 India produces about 32.8 million tonne of steel and ranks ninth among the world crude steel producers
Reasons for underperformance of Iron and steel Industry in India
 High cost and limited availability of coking coal
 Low productivity of labour
 Erratic energy supply
 Poor infrastructure
Aluminum Smelting
 Aluminum is a good conductor of heat and electricity
 It is used as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead
 In the production of one tons of aluminum, 6 tonnes of bauxite and 18,600 kwh of electricity is required
 The availability of electricity and bauxite decides the location of this industry
 The 8 aluminum plants in the country are located in Orissa, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
 India produces over 600 million tonnes of aluminum per annum
Chemical Industry
Inorganic chemicals
 Heavy inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalis, caustic soda and soda ash.
 They are widely spread around the country
 Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, paints and dyes
 Soda ash is used in the manufacture of glass, paper, soap and detergents.
Organic chemicals
 Heavy organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyestuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
 These chemical plants are located near oil refineries and petrochemical plants
 The chemical industries contribute 14% of the production of entire manufacturing sector
Fertilizer Industry
 The first plant was set up at Ranipet in Tamil Nadu
 With the setting up of a plant at Sindri by the Fertiliser Corporation of India (FCI) in 1951, the production of fertilisers increased
 With the onset of the Green Revolution, this industry was set up in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala
 Other important producers are Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka
 There are 57 fertiliser units manufacturing nitrogenous fertilisers, 29 for urea and 9 for ammonium sulphate as a by-product, 68 other small units produce single super phosphate
Cement Industry
 Cement is used for the construction of buildings, houses, factories, roads and dams
 The raw materials used are limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum, coal and electric power are also used
 The first cement plant was set up at Chennai in 1904. At present, there are 119 large and over 300 mini cement plants in India
 Indian cement is in great demand in South and East Asia, Middle East and Africa because of its superior quality.
Automobiles
 Commercial vehicles like trucks, passenger buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, etc., are manufactured in large numbers.
 India is the second largest producer of three wheelers.
 The industries producing bicycles, scooters and bicycles are distributed around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru
Electronic Industry
 Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
 Other major electronic goods producing centres are Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Kanpur, Pune, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
 Many Software Technology Parks have also developed
Pollution
 Industries create four types of pollution, namely air, water, land and noise
 Air pollution is caused due to the presence of carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide.
 Dust, fume, mist spray and smoke contain both types of particles
Water pollution
 Coal, dyes, soaps, pesticides, fertilisers, plastics and rubber are some common pollutants.
 The principal industries which create water pollution are paper pulp, textiles, chemical, petroleum, refinery, tannery and electroplating
 Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot-water from factories and thermal plants is drained in to river sand ponds before cooling
Noise pollution means unwanted, extra, noise created due to industrial machineries etc
Measures to Control Environmental Degradation
 Proper fuel selection and utilization
 Use of oil instead of coal in the industries
 Treatment of liquids in three phases
 Primary treatment by mechanical process
 Secondary treatment by biological process
 Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes
 Pollution of land and soil can be controlled by three activities
 Collection of wastes from different places
 Dumping and disposing the wastes by land-filling
Recycling of wastes for further use